Strategy implementation and context Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Strategy implementation and context - Case Study Example This strategy should be supported by a different structure that would carry on the fulfillment of various responsibilities and tasks to achieve the organization's objectives. However, in implementing a chosen strategy which requires restructuring within an organization, various strategic human resource management issues should be addressed. In the case of VSM, where the recommended strategies are to induce inorganic growth and to consolidate fragmented markets through acquisitions, potential barriers to the implementation of these strategies are discussed below. Capacity talks about the ability of the environment of an organization to promote growth, which is measured through relative abundance or scarcity in the market. In the case of VSM, researchers suggest in their recommendation acquisitions in the market in order for the company to strengthen its presence, due to scarcity of resources. There is little growth in some parts of the market that it needs to be consolidated for VSM to maintain profitability and acquire new resources for its expansion goals. Stability and dynamism is what the volatility dimension is about-the degree of instability in the environment of the company.... The third dimension is determined by relative homogeneity and dispersion of elements which make an environment either simple or complex. VSM operates in a relative heterogeneous environment with dispersed elements, given that its sewing machine production is coupled with the changes in technology, which we all know is more rapidly-changing. When it incorporates information technology in its offering, the company becomes subject to changes in technology in the market place. Also, the company faces relative threat of new entrant as competitors that fight in terms of costs. All these comprise the complexity in VSM's environment. P&G P&G is in the business of fast-moving consumer goods-as it offers a diverse range of products that consumers use and consume in their daily lives. From abundant to scarce--the amount of resources that are available to the organization determines the degree of an organization to sustain growth; this is the capacity dimension of the organization, as Robbins has put it. The fast moving consumer goods is an abundant environment for P&G, as basically as the people in the world are consumers. The world market has a lot of opportunities in terms of untapped market where P&G can offer the vast range of its products. In terms of volatility, the second dimension in the environment which Robbins described as the degree of instability in the environment, P&G's surrounding environment is relatively dynamic. From stable to dynamic: the degree of high unpredictable change a company faces makes forecasting and testing various probabilities becomes imperative for managers when making decisions. The 'consumer' factor, or the

Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Essay Within the next fifty years the US may experience shifting and changing length of the seasons, changes in vegetation including habitat and diversity, changes in precipitation intensity and distribution, a rise in sea-level, an increase in storm intensity and an increase in erosion events. Shifting seasons The principle sources for this idea were: Global Warming in the Temperate Zone, Geography Chapter 2, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Summary for Policy Makers, Alaska Survey (Us Global Change Research Program) Why? As global warming effects advance, colder seasons become milder and of shorter duration. â€Å"Climate †¦ refers to the annual pattern of atmospheric conditions in a place (Lew 2004). â€Å" Since the seas change temperature more slowly than land, an increase in temperature of the sea would maintain warmer patterns for longer periods of time Impact on Physical Geography â€Å"Throughout the temperate zone, changes are being recorded in where and when plants bloom and thrive. (Global Warming in Temperate Zone 2007)† Another effect is that as the temperature rises, the altitudinal zonation normally present (Lew 2004) becomes attenuated. In some areas, the top zones are disappearing, the temperature variations no longer dip far enough to maintain snow caps, glaciers or other physical attributes wildlife depend upon (. Global Warming in Temperate Zone 2007). Impact on Human Geography Changes in seasonality have not yet had much affect upon the lower United States human geography. Change in seasonality has had profound impact upon populations in Alaska and Canada. â€Å"[The Inuit’s] winter hunting and fishing is limited severely by loss of ice (Global Warming in the Arctic 2007). † Seasonal use of Ice roads, loss of sea-ice and lengthening summers all will have a profound impact on trade and national defense ( Climate Change: â€Å"Alaska† 2000). According to the IPCC report there is little that can be done to immediately reverse this trend as temperatures will continue to increase on inertia of the GHGs already in the atmosphere (Alley 2007) . Changing vegetation and Ecology The principle sources for this idea were: Global Warming in the Temperate Zone, Geography Chapter 2, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Summary for Policy Makers, Alaska Survey (Us Global Change Research Program) Why? The changes in seasonality and accompanying changes in temperature constitute changes in climate (Lew 2004). Plant organisms and their distributions are usually sensitive to climate changes. Impact on Physical Geography â€Å"Climate has a direct impact on the biogeographic distribution of the natural vegetation in a region (Lew 2004). † Observed changes in altitudinal zonation are expected to accelerate if temperatures continue to rise rapidly (Global Warming: Temperate Zone 2007). Impact on Human Geography This effect is not likely to have an immediate impact on humans, though there may be some benefit from a longer growing season and perhaps a larger farmable area. Changes in Precipitation The principle sources for this idea were: Geography Chapter 2, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Summary for Policy Makers, Regional Overview (Us Global Change Research Program) Why? Warmer air can carry more moisture. As temperature rises it increases the vapor pressure of water and causes increased evaporation. When precipitation occurs it is likely to be more intense, dumping more water in less time than would normally be the case. Impact on Physical Geography â€Å"Precipitation is very likely to continue to increase on average, especially in middle and high latitudes†¦ in the form of heavy downpours. (US Global Change, â€Å"Water overview† 2000). â€Å" Combined with seasonality, this means that some areas will become wetter and stay wetter longer than normal. Impact on Human Geography The resulting conditions may yield increased productivity, pest populations and disease. Introduce competition for water as the distribution and rates of precipitation change (US Global Change, â€Å"Water overview† 2000). Changes will very likely exaggerate conflicts in regions where fresh water is reduced by increasing evaporation and changes in precipitation (US Global Change, â€Å"Water overview† 2000). Sea Level changes The principle sources for this idea were: Geography Chapter 2, IPCC report, and Global Warming in The Artic, Rising Sea Levels Why? Sea level changes are occurring from increasing mean temperatures. The types of sea level rise include volume increases due to thermal expansion, increasing output from rivers due to increased precipitation, and increased outflow from melting glacier and icecap reserves. Impact on Physical Geography Loss of shoreline from movement of sea, submergence of low lying islands loss of wetlands and delta areas due to increased salinity in mixed water environment. Impact on Human Geography Should ice cap melting experience a surge it is possible for a rapid increase in sea-levels of 4-20 feet to occur over a short time. A rise of that size would inundate the cities forcing many to migrate away and shutting down important commercial centers, possibly permanently. Damage could by mitigated by building dikes, tidal dams and changes to building codes requiring use of higher situated building sites, most of these protective measures are not permanent solutions. Storm intensity increases The principle sources for this idea were: Geography Chapter 2, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Summary for Policy Makers, Regional Overview (Us Global Change Research Program) Why? This is related to the causes for increased precipitation, the oceans get warmer, which makes more evaporative pressure. Storms, such as hurricanes forming over water will gather more flow more quickly than they would ordinarily. The storms develop higher winds (larger volume of air is ready to enter convection) and increases in precipitation (more warm moist air, carrying more moisture than normal). Impact on Physical Geography Storms such as Hurricanes can have a profound impact on the coastal environment. Physically destroying plants, contributing to landslides, and flooding, stronger storms can change the landscape quickly. Impact on Human Geography The Katrina disaster provided some idea of the impact of super-storms. A city was virtually destroyed. These storms will prompt more frequent short term migrations to avoid them. Direct prevention is not probable, but sensible preparation and pre-planned evacuation can go far to mitigate impact upon populations. Still long term migrations are bound to occur due to stresses on the job market, infrastructure, and availability of resources. Erosion Events The principle sources for this idea were: Global Warming in the Temperate Zone, Geography Chapter 2, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Rising Sea Levels Why? Increased precipitation, higher tides, and stronger storm events translate to greater land-erosion events through mudslide, landslide, torrential run-off, and storm-surge. Impact on Physical Geography Combined, these effects will decrease the available coastal area, sweep away or bury some areas. River deltas may expand but existing habitat will be washed away as the river retreats inland with the sea following. Impact on Human Geography Perhaps the most immediate of the effects of global warming, the changes in weather patterns have already forced changes in the Carolinas, and in Galveston, and Brazoria. Stronger currents, higher tides have encroached on property and subsidence has forced many homes to be abandoned. This may become more widespread and more coastal settlements will have to move. Some rebuilding and storm wall can be built, but the problems are long term and may not have permanent solutions beyond migration References: Alley, Richard et al. (2007). IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report: Summary for Policy Makers. Retrieved February 2, 2007 from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Website: http://ipcc-wg1. ucar. edu/wg1/docs/WG1AR4_SPM_PlenaryApproved. pdf

Analysis of Hamlet by William Shakespeare :: William Shakespeare Plays Hamlet Essays

Analysis of Hamlet by William Shakespeare The play begins on the outer ramparts of Elsinore castle. It is late and Francisco, a guard, is on duty waiting for Bernardo to relieve him from his watch. Francisco is nervous because the previous two nights he and Bernardo have seen a figure who appears to be the ghost of the recently deceased king wandering around. Bernardo approaches, accompanied by Horatio (Hamlet's only friend and confident). Even though Horatio dismisses the idea of a ghost, the guards start to retell the previous nights' encounters. As the guards begin, the ghost appears before them- much to Horatio's surprise. The guards urge Horatio to speak with the ghost. Because Horatio is a student, they feel he should be able to communicate with the ghost, and their previous attempts to talk with it have failed. Horatio's attempts also fail. The scene ends with Horatio stating that he will go and inform his friend Hamlet of these incredible events.Text: Act I, Scene i Act I, Scene ii: This scene opens in contrast to the first scene. The first scene takes place on the dark, cold isolated ramparts; this scene begins in a brightly lit court, with the new king, Claudius, celebrating his recent wedding to his new wife, Gertrude. Everyone in the court appears happy and joyful, except one character who is sitting off to the side. He is dressed in black, the colour of mourning, and does not like what he sees. The lone figure is Hamlet, the main character of the play. He is wearing black because it has been only two months since his father, Hamlet senior the ghost on the battlements, died and he still is mourning his father's death. To further upset Hamlet, Claudius' new bride is Hamlet's mother, Gertrude. Hamlet is upset because his mother married Claudius so soon after becoming a widow. To add to all the injustices Hamlet is feeling at this time, Claudius is also related to Hamlet. Hamlet's uncle is now his step-father and Gertrude's brother-in-law is now her husband. Claudius conducts several pieces of business during the beginning of this scene. He first tries to take measures to prevent a war with Norway, then discusses Laertes' request to leave court and go back to school. Claudius agrees with Polonius, Laertes' father, that Laertes' plan of going back to school is a good one. He gives Laertes permission to go. This familial scene brings Claudius' mind to Hamlet.

The Allusions in the Waste Land

The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land The Waste Land is an important poem. It has something important to say and it should have an important effect on the reader. But it is not easy. In Eliot's own words: â€Å"We can say that it appears likely that poets in our civilization as it exists at present, must be difficult. Our civilization comprehends great variety and complexity, and this variety and complexity, playing upon a refined sensibility, must produce various and complex results.The poet must become more and more comprehensive, more allusive, more indirect, in order to force, to dislocate if necessary, language into its meaning. † â€Å"Tradition cannot be inherited, and if you want it you must obtain it by great labour. † Eliot is dealing with the loss of meaning and significance of many things, and so he continually contrasts the present with the past, often using literary allusions to help to arouse in the reader the response he wants. For this reason he gives some of these allusions in a set of notes. However, he merely says where they come from or gives them in the original Italian or French or German.These notes give the actual allusions, translated into English where necessary, and printed in such a way that the reader can see the allusion and the relevant passage in the poem at the same time. For instance, a passage from the poem is on page 3 and the allusions to it are on page 2. The notes have also amplified Eliot's notes in some cases, with valuable help from three excellent books: Stephen Coote: The Waste Land in Penguin Master Studies 1985 B C Southam: A Student's Guide to the Selected Poems of T S Eliot Faber and Faber, 1968 George Williamson: A reader's Guide to T S Eliot Thames and Hudson, Second Edition, 1967It is a pleasure to thank Sheila Davies for her translation of Baudelaire's Au Lecteur Allusion are numbered and you will seldom have to scroll down more than a page to find the comment on the allusion The comment s on the allusions are in frames. Page 1 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The Waste Land â€Å"Nam sibyllam quiden Cumis ego ipse oculis meis vidi in ampulla pendere, et cum illi pueri dicerent: ; respondebat illa: A â€Å" . † For Ezra Pound il miglior fabro B A For I once saw with my own eyes the Sybil at Cumae hanging in a cage, and when the boys said to her â€Å"What do you want? she answered, â€Å"I want to die. † B ‘il miglior fabro' means ‘ the better craftsman', a well-deserved tribute to Ezra Pound. Eliot sent the original manuscript of The Waste Land to Pound, and as Eliot said ‘the sprawling, chaotic poem left Pound's hands reduced to about half its size and in the process it was changed from a jumble of good and bad passages into a poem,' Photo-copies of the manuscript, with the changes made by Pound, are available in book form, and fully support Eliot's acknowledgment of his debt to Pound. I. THE BURIAL OF T HE DEAD April is the cruelest month, breeding 1 Lilac out of the dead land, mixingMemory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain. Winter kept us warm, covering Earth with forgetful snow, feeding Life with dried tubers. 7 Summer surprised us, coming over the Starnbergersee 8 With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade, And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten, And drank coffee, and talked for an hour. Bin gar keine Russin, stamm aus Litauen, echt deutsch. 12 And when we were children, staying at the archduke's , My cousin's , he took me out on a sled, And I was frightened. He said, Marie, Marie, hold on tight. Ands down we went. In the mountains, there you feel free.I read much of the night, and go south in the winter. 18 What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow Out of this stony rubbish? Son of man 21 You cannot say, or guess , for you know only A heap of broken images, where the sun beats, 23 And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief, 24 And the dry stone no sound of water. Only Page 2 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc There is shadow under this red rock, 26 (Come in under the shadow of this red rock), And I will show you something different from either Your shadow at morning striding behind youOr your shadow at evening rising to meet you; I will show you fear in a handful of dust. 1 to 7 Critics usually contrast the description of spring with the opening of the general Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. To regard April, the harbinger of spring, as ‘the cruelest month' is natural for the dwellers in the waste land, who are afraid of life, who are ‘living and partly living'. What the general Prologue says more clearly but with less charm than Chaucer in modern English is When that April with its sweet showers Has pierced the drought of March down to the root And filled each plant with so much moistureAs made it burgeon forth in flowers 8 to 18 are a reverie. 12 I am not a Russian at all; I come from Lithuania, a true German. This is the strained, neurotic reaction of a dispossessed person at a time when only German nationality or protection could ward off the threat of danger. This line anticipates the vision of anarchy, of fleeing refugees, in lines 367 to 377. 21 Son of man Ezekiel 2:3 â€Å"And he said unto me, Son of man, I send thee to the children of Israel, to a rebellious nation that hath rebelled against me: they and their fathers have transgressed against me even unto this very day. † 3 broken images Ezekiel 6:3 â€Å"Behold I, even I, will bring a sword upon you, and I will destroy your high places. And your altars shall be desolate, and your images shall be broken; and I will cast your slain men before your idols. † 24 the cricket no relief â€Å"the cricket no relief† is an echo from Ecclesiastes 12:5, where the preacher describes the desolation of old age: â€Å"Also they shall be afraid of that which is high, and fears shal l be in the way, and the almond tree shall flourish, and the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail: because man goeth to his long home, and the mourners go about the streets. 26 There is shadow under this red rock Isaiah 32:1, 2 describes the blessing of Christ's kingdom: â€Å"Behold a king shall reign in righteousness, and princes shall rule in judgment. And a man shall be as a hiding place from the wind, and as a covert from the tempest; As rivers of water in a dry place, as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land. † Frisch weht der Wind 31 Der Heimat zu Mein Irisch Kind, Wo weilest du Fresh blows the wind Towards my homeland My Irish child Where do you linger? â€Å"You gave me hyacinths first a year ago; Page 3 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc They called me the hyacinth girl. – Yet when we came back, late, from the hyacinth garden, Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could not Speak, and my eyes failed, and I was neithe r Living nor dead, and I knew nothing, Looking into the heart of light, the silence. Oed' und leer das Meer Desolate and empty the sea 42 31 Frisch weht der Wind This is a song of innocent and naive love from Tristan and Isolde, which is a work of passionate love. A young sailor, feeling the wind blowing toward his homeland, sings of the girl he loves. 42 Oed' und leer das Meer The dying Tristan is waiting for Isolde's ship, but the lookout reports that the sea is desolate and empty.Between these two scene there is, by way of contrast, a modern love affair, beautiful but ultimately meaningless. Even in love she is neither living nor dead. Madame Sosostris, famous clairvoyante, 43 Had a bad cold, nevertheless Is known to be the wisest woman in Europe, With a wicked pack of cards. Here, said she, Is your card, the drowned Phoenician Sailor, (Those are pearls that were his eyes. Look! ) 48 Here is Belladonna, the Lady of the Rocks, The lady of situations. Here is the man with three sta ves, and here the Wheel, And here is the one-eyed merchant, and this card,Which is blank, is something he carries on his back, Which I am forbidden to see. I do not find The Hanged Man. Fear death by water. I see crowds of people, walking round in a ring. Thank you. If you see dear Mrs Equitone, Tell her I bring the horoscope myself: One must be so careful these days. 43 Madame Sosostris Madame Sosostris and the Taro cards represent ancient magic and ritual, here reduced to the insignificance of vulgar fortune telling. Eliot says of this passage: â€Å"I am not familiar with the exact constitution of the Tarot pack of cards, from which I have obviously departed to suit my own convenience.The Hanged Man, a member of the traditional pack, fits my purpose in two ways: Because he is associated in my mind with the Hanged God of Frazer, and because I associate him with the hooded figure in the passage of the disciples to Emmaus in Part v. The Phoenician Sailor and the Merchant appear lat er; also the ‘crowds of people' and Death by Water is executed in part IV. The Man with Three Staves (an authentic member of the Tarot pack) I associate , quite arbitrarily, with the Fisher King himself. † Page 4 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc 48 Those are pearls that were his eyesThe Tempest, Act 1 ii , 394 Full fathom five thy father lies; Of his bones are coral made; Those are pearls that were his eyes; Nothing of him that doth fade, But doth suffer a sea-change Into something rich and strange. Unreal city, 60 Under the brown fog of a winter dawn, A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many, I had not thought death had undone so many. 63 Sighs, short and infrequent were exhaled, 64 And each man fixed his eyes before his feet. Flowed up the hill and down King William Street, To where Saint Mary Woolnoth kept the hours With a dead sound on the final stroke of nine. 8 60 Unreal city Baudelaire: â€Å"O teeming city, city full of illusions, Where ghosts accost the passerby in broad daylight. † 63 I had not thought death had undone so many Inferno, Canto 3: â€Å"And behind it came so long a train of people, that I should never have believed death had undone do many. † (In this canto Dante describes the :†dreary souls who lived without blame and without praise . . . who were not rebellious, nor were faithful to God, but were for themselves. † Dante also call them â€Å"these wretches that never were alive. † 64 Sighs, short and infrequent were exhaledInferno, Canto 4: â€Å"Here as mine ear could note, no plaint was heard, except of sighs, that made the eternal air to tremble, not caused by torture but from grief felt by those multitudes, many and vast. † This canto deals with people – like Socrates – who lived virtuously but never knew the Gospel. So two kinds of people live in the modern Waste Land: those who are secularised and those who have no knowledge of the faith. 68 With a dead sound at the final stroke of nine. Eliot says that he often noticed this when the clock of St Mary Woolnoth struck nine. In lines 60 to 68 Eliot is dealing with man's spiritual bankruptcy.He does this by recreating life about him by using the language and ideas of the past. In the modern Waste Land where people are living and partly living, they have no standards of right and wrong, of virtue and sin, that individuals or society accept or live by. Eliot uses the reminders to Dante to contrast this with another, more aware time. The people in Dante's Hell Page 5 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc were people who had sinned to various degrees and were punished in different circles of hell. Like the people James Thomson spoke of, who were gratified to gain hat positive eternity of pain Instead of this insufferable inane. There I saw one I knew; and stopped him, crying: â€Å"Stetson! 69 â€Å"You who were with me in the ships at Mylae! 70 â€Å"T hat corpse you planted last year in your garden 71, â€Å"Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year? â€Å"Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed? â€Å"Oh keep the Dog far hence, that's foe to men 74 â€Å"Or with his nails he'll did it up again! â€Å"You! Hypocrite lecteur! Mon semblable, mon frere! † 76 69 Stetson is the representative commuter 70 Mylae was one of the battles in the Punic war, a sordid trade war.By choosing this war rather than the similar and more topical 1914 – 1918 war, Eliot is making the point that all wars are similar. 71 The corpse you planted in your garden In ancient fertility rites, images of the gods were buried in the fields. 74 Oh keep the Dog far hence Dirge sung by Cornelia in THE WHITE DEVIL by John Webster Act 5, Scene 4: Call for the robin redbreast and the wren, Since o'er the shady groves they hover And with leaves and flowers do cover The friendless bodies of unburied men. Call unto his funeral dole The ant, the fi eldmouse and the mole To rear him hillocks that shall keep him warm.But keep the wolf far hence, that's foe to man Or with his nails he'll dig it up again. It is not such an odd step from wolf to dog. In the old testament the dog is not a friend to man, but even sometimes feeds on corpses. And Psalm 22 verse 20 has â€Å"Deliver my soul from the sword, my darling from the power of the dog. † 76 â€Å"You! Hypocrite lecteur†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is the last line of Au Lecteur (To the reader), the poem that is the preface to Fleurs du Mal (Flowers of Evil) which is Charles Baudelaire's manifesto. It is addressed to the reader and means: â€Å"You, hypocrite reader, my image, my brother. â€Å"Translation of Au Lecteur by Sheila Davies Page 6 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Stupidity, indiscretion, sin and meanness Take over our minds and wear away our bodies, And, full of remorse, we affectionately nurture our wrongdoings In the same way that beggars fe ed titbits to vermin. Our sins are strong-willed, our repentance cowardly; Making gushing confession becomes a habit. We walk with gay abandon along fouled-up pathways, Believing that our cheap tears will wash away the stains of filth. It is Satan of the three-pronged fork who, On the pillow of evil, gently rocks our entranced spirit,And the precious metal of our free will Is all vaporised by this cunning alchemist. It is the devil who grasps the cords that entangle us. In whatever is repugnant we find charm. Each day we take one step nearer down to Hell, Blind to its horrors as we cross the stinking gloom. Just like a penniless lecher who kisses and nibbles The shriveled up breast of an old tart, We filch from life's journey our furtive pleasures Which we squeeze as we would an old orange. Holding on fast, writhing around like a million worms, A race of Demons holds an orgy in our brains, And, when we breathe, Death floods our lungs,An invisible river of stifled groans. If rape, po ison, murder or fire Have not yet embroidered their pretty designs On the insignificant canvas of our pitiful destinies, It is because our souls, alas, are not taut enough. But of all the jackals, panthers, lice, Apes, scorpions, vultures and serpents, The yelping, howling, snarling, creeping monsters Of the loathsome menagerie of our depravity, There is one that is even uglier, more wretched, more vile than all the rest; Though he utters no savage cries nor thrashes about in a frenzy, He would gladly reduce the world to a heap of debris,And with one great yawn swallow up the earth. He is Ennui! – his eye brimming over with an ineffectual tear, Page 7 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc He dreams up scaffolds while he smokes his opium. You know him, reader, this insidious monster, Hypocrite reader, – my kinsman – my brother! I I A GAME OF CHESS The chair she sat in, like a burnished throne, 78 Glowed on the marble, where the glass Held up th e standards wrought with fruited vines From which a golden Cupidon peeped out (Another hid his eyes behind his wings) Doubled the flames of seven branched candelabraReflecting light upon the table as The glitter of her jewels rose to meet it, From satin cases poured in rich profusion; In vials of ivory and colored glass Unstoppered, lurked her strange synthetic perfumes, Unguent, powdered, or liquid – troubled, confused And drowned the sense in odors; stirred by the air That freshened from the window, these ascended In fattening the prolonged candle flames, Flung their smoke into the laquearia, 93 Stirring the pattern on the coffered ceiling. 94 Huge sea-wood fed with copper Burned green and orange, framed by the colored stone, In which sad light a carved dolphin swam.Above the antique mantel was displayed As though a window gave upon the sylvan scene 99 The change in Philomel, by the barbarous king 100 .So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale Filled all the desert with i nviolable voice And still she cried, and still the world pursues, â€Å"Jug Jug† to dirty ears. And other withered stumps of time Were told upon these walls; staring forms Leaned out, leaning, hushing, hushing the room enclosed. Footsteps shuffled on the stair. Under the firelight, under the brush, her hair Spread out in fiery points Glowed into words, then would be savagely still. II A GAME OF CHESS This section of the poem deals with sex without love, especially within marriage, just as Fire Sermon deals with sex outside marriage. Page 8 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The title refers to a game of chess in Women Beware Of Women, a play by Thomas Middleton 1580 – 1627. While the duke is seducing Bianca in the gallery in view of the audience, his confederate is distracting her mother-in-law's attention with a game of chess. 78 The chair she sat in, like a burnished throne An empty, rich woman is sitting at her dressing table.The reference is t o Antony And Cleopatra, Act I, Sc 2, line 194, in which Enobarbus describes Cleopatra at her first meeting with Anthony. The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throne, Burn'd on the waters, the poop was beaten gold, Purple the sails, and so perfumed that The winds were love-sick with them And later in line 239: Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale Her infinite variety; other women cloy The appetites they feed, but she makes hungry Where most she satisfies. The allusion to Antony and Cleopatra contrasts voluptuous femininity and romantic love, and the artificial and sterile personal relationships in the waste land. 3 laquearia A paneled lacquered ceiling In his notes Eliot refers us to The Aeneid, Book 1 line 726 The chandeliers that hung from the gold fretted ceiling Were lit, and cressets of torches subdued the night with flames Translation by Cecil Day Lewis 94 coffered Decorated with sunken panels 99 sylvan scene Eliot's note refers us to Paradise Lost Book 4, line 140,describ ing the scene before Satan when he first arrives at the borders of Eden. and overhead up-grew Insuperable height of loftiest shade, Cedar, and pine, and fir, and branching palm, A sylvan scene, and, as the ranks ascend, Shade above shade, a woody theatreOf stateliest view. Framed by this sylvan scene we see a reminder of Philomela. 100 The change in Philomel Tereus, king of Thrace married Procne , a girl from Athens. She missed her sister, Philomela, and sent Tereus to fetch her. Tereus fell in love with Philomela and raped her. He then cut out her tongue to prevent her from telling Procne, but she still found out. The sisters revenged themselves on Tereus by killing his son, Itylus, and setting his flesh before Tereus at a banquet. The gods took pity on these people and changed them into various birds: Tereus into a hoopoe, Procne into a swallow and Philomela into a nightingale.Swinburne also uses this myth in The huntsman's chorus in Atalanta In Calydon: And the brown bright night ingale amorous Is half assuaged for Itylus And the Thracian ships and the foreign faces, The tongueless vigil, and all the pain. Eliot uses the nightingale as a symbol of beauty born out of suffering, but in the waste land it only sings â€Å"Jug, jug† to dirty ears. In Elizabethan poetry, â€Å"jug, jug† was a conventional way of representing birdsong, but it was also a crude, joking way of referring to the sex act. Page 9 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc A conversation starts at line 111.The woman in quotation marks, her husband not. The woman is sharp, shrill, irritable, the man detached and melancholy. Eliot puts his words in quotation marks, probably to imply that he does not answer at all, but merely says those words to himself. â€Å"My nerves are bad tonight. Yes, bad. stay with me. 111 â€Å"Speak to me. Why do you never speak? Speak. â€Å":What are you thinking of? What thinking? What? â€Å"I never know what you are thinking. Thi nk†. I think we are in rat's alley Where the dead men lost their bones â€Å"What is that noise? † The wind under the door. â€Å"Do you know nothing? Do you see nothing? â€Å"Do you remember nothing? I remember those are pearls that were his eyes. up to here â€Å"Are you alive or not? Is there nothing in your head? † But O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag It's so elegant So intelligent â€Å"What shall I do now? What shall I do? â€Å"I shall rush out as I am, and walk the street â€Å"With my hair down, so. What shall we do tomorrow? â€Å"What shall we ever do? † The hot water at ten. And if it rains, a closed car at four. And we shall play a game of chess Pressing lidless eyes and waiting for a knock upon the door. â€Å"When Lil's husband got demobbed, I said â€Å"I didn't mince my words, I said to her myself,† HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME Now Albert's coming back, make yourself a bit smart. â€Å"He'll want to know what you done with that money he gave you To get yourself some teeth. He did, I was there. ‘You have them all out Lil, and get a nice set' He said, ‘I swear I can't bear to look at you. ‘ And no more can't I, I said, and think of poor Albert He's been in the army four years he wants a good time And if you don't give it him, there's others will, I said. Page 10 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Oh is there, she said, Something o'that I said Then I'll know who to thank, she said, and give me a straight look. HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME â€Å"If you don't like it you can get on with it, I said. Others can pick and choose if you can't. But if Albert takes off, it won't be for lack of telling. You ought to be ashamed, I said, to look so antique. (And her only thirty-one. ) I can't help it, she said, pulling a long face, It's them pills I took, to bring it off, she said. She's had five already, and nearly died of young George. The chemist said it would be all right but I'v e never been the same. You are a proper fool, I said. Well, if Albert won't leave you alone, there it is, I said. What you get married for if you don't want children? HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME â€Å"Well, that Sunday Albert was home, they had a hot gammon, And they asked me to dinner to get the beauty of it hot -† HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME Goonight Bill, Goonight Lou, Goonight May, Goonight. Ta ta, Goonight Good night, ladies, goodnight, sweet ladies, good night, good night. 172 172 Good night, ladies Ophelia's last words before she drowns herself, driven mad by Hamlet's pretended love for her and then his feigned indifference. Hamlet, Act 4, scene 5, line 55 What does Eliot achieve with the allusions in A Game of Chess?The emotions aroused by the physical beauty and charm of Cleopatra, the passions in the rape and revenge of Philomela, the intensity of feeling and hurt that drove Ophelia to suicide, have no place in the lives of the rich or the poor , â€Å"living and partly living† in the waste land. III THE FIRE SERMON The river's tent is broken: the last fingers of leaf 173 Clutch and sink into the wet bank. The wind Crosses the brown land unheard. The nymphs are departed 175 Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song. 176 The river bears no empty bottles, sandwich papers, Silk handkerchiefs, cardboard boxes, cigarette endsOr other testimony of summer nights. The nymphs are departed. And their friends, the loitering heirs of city directors; Departed, have left no addresses. By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept . . . 182 Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song. Sweet Thames, run softly, for I speak not loud or long But at my back, in a cold blast I hear 185 Page 11 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The rattle of bones and the chuckle spread from ear to ear. The Fire Sermon was preached by the Buddha against the fires of lust, anger, envy and other passions that consumed men.However, the trouble with any sermon is that, as Prospero said, â€Å"the strongest oaths are straw to the fire in the blood. † 173 The river's tent is broken The river's tent evokes the image of the shelter provided in summer by the leafy boughs of trees overhanging a river, a shelter now lost through the loss of leaves at the end of summer. But ‘the river's tent is broken' suggests a deeper and more solemn meaning. Perhaps the loss of some sacred or mystic quality. In the Old Testament, a tent can be a tabernacle or holy place because the wandering tribes of Israel used a tent as a portable tabernacle.In Isaiah 33: 20 we have a reminder of the time when the tabernacle was a tent: â€Å"Look upon Zion, the city of our solemnities: thine eyes shall see Jerusalem a quiet habitation, a tabernacle that shall not be taken down; not one of the stakes thereof shall ever be moved, neither shall any of the cords thereof be broken. † And in Isaiah 33:21 the statement that a river gives power and safety: â€Å"But there the glorious Lord will be unto us a place of broad rivers and streams; wherein shall go no galley with oars, neither shall gallant ships pass thereby. † 175 The nymphs are departedEdmund Spenser celebrates the beauty and joy of marriage in his beautiful lyric, Prothalamion, using the Thames as a perfect pastoral setting. The nymphs that Eliot refers to are probably those described in the lines There in a Meadow, by the river's side, A flocke of Nymphs I chaunced to espy All lovely daughters of the flood thereby. 176 ‘Sweete Themmes runne softely till I end my Song' is the refrain from Prothalamion. (Prothalamion is a song or poem in celebration of a forthcoming wedding. ) 182 By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept Psalm 137 is the lamentation of the Israelites exiled to Babylon, yearning for their homeland.It starts: â€Å"By the waters of Babylon, there we sat down and wept, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. † â⠂¬ËœLeman' means an unlawful lover, so the phrase ‘the waters of Leman' is associated with lust. Lac Leman is the French name for Lake Geneva. Eliot worked on The Waste Land at Lausanne, a town near Lake Geneva. in 1922. 185 But at my back, in a cold blast I hear Andrew Marvel in TO HIS COY MISTRESS: Had we but world enough and time This coyness, Lady, were no crime, . . . But at my back I always hear Time's winged chariot hurrying near; And yonder all before us lie Deserts of vast eternity. Page 12 of 26 The Allusions in T. S.Eliot's The Waste Land. doc 192 And on the king my father's death before him Eliot's note refers to The Tempest, Act 1, scene 2, line 390. Ferdinand has just heard Ariel singing â€Å"Come unto these yellow sands† and says Sitting on a bank Weeping again the king my father's wreck, This music crept by me upon the waters, Allaying both their fury and my passion With its sweet air 193 White bodies naked on the low damp ground The drowned Phoenician sailor of Line 47 is a kind of fertility god whose image is thrown into the sea each spring to symbolize the death of summer, without which death there could be no resurrection of the new year.Southam claims that ‘the white bodies' here refer to the image of the fertility god taken out of the water to symbolize the god's resurrection. 197 The sound of horns and motors John Day in THE PARLIAMENT OF BEES: When of a sudden, listening, you shall hear, The noise of horns and hunting, which shall bring Actaeon to Diana in the Spring Where all shall see her naked skin. 199 O the moon shine bright on Mrs Porter The words come from a ballad popular with the Australian troops in world War 1. Mrs Porter was a legendary brothel keeper in Cairo. 202 Et 0 ces voix d'enfants chantant dans la coupole! And O those voices of children singing in the copula! † Paul Verlaine in Parsifal. Southam claims that Verlaine is referring to Wagner's Parsifal and its music. In the Grail Legend, the ch ildren's choir sings at the ceremonial foot washing before the knight Parsifal restores the wounded Anfortas, the Fisher King, and so lifts the curse from the waste land. Line 205 So rudely forced refers again to the rape of Philomela by Tereus. ‘Tereu' is the Latin vocative form of Tereus. This interpretation of the nightingale's song is found in ALEXANDER AND CAMPASPE BY John Lyly: ‘Oh, tis the ravished nightingale Jug, jug, jug, jug, tereu! he cries. ‘ ‘Tereu', being the vocative, implies that she is addressing Tereus. Line 211 C. i. f. London is the price, including cost, insurance, freight to London. At the violet hour, when the eyes and back 215 Page 13 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Turn upward from the desk, when the human engine waits Like a taxi throbbing waiting, I Tiresias, though blind, throbbing between two lives, 218 Old man with wrinkled female breasts, can see At the violet hour, the evening hour that strives 220 Hom eward, and brings the sailor home from sea, 221 The typist home at teatime, clears her breakfast lightsHer stove, and lays out food in tins. Out of the window perilously spread Her drying combinations touched by the sun's last rays, On the divan are piled (at night her bed) Stockings, slippers, camisoles, and stays. I Tiresias, old man with wrinkled female dugs Perceived the scene, and foretold the rest He, the young man carbuncular. arrives, A small house agent's clerk, with one bold stare One of low on whom assurance sits As a silk hat on a Bradford millionaire. 234 The time is now propitious, as he guesses, The meal is over, she is bored and tired, Endeavors to engage her in caresses Which still are unreproved, if undesired.Flushed and decided, he assaults at once; Exploring hands encounter no defense; His vanity requires no response, And makes a welcome of indifference. (And I Tiresias have foresuffered all Enacted on this same divan or bed; I who have sat by Thebes below the wa ll 245 And walked among the lowest of the dead. ) 246 Bestows one final patronizing kiss, And gropes his way, finding the stairs unlit. She turns and looks a moment in the glass, Hardly aware of her departed lover; Her brain allows one half-formed thought to pass: â€Å"Well now that's done: and I am glad it's over† When lovely woman stoops to folly and 253Paces about her room again, alone, She smoothes her hair with automatic hand And puts a record on the gramophone. 215 At the violet hour This refers to Dante's PURGAT0RY, Canto 8. It was the hour when a sailor's thoughts, the first day out, turn homeward, and his heart yearns for the loved ones he has left behind, the hour when the novice pilgrim aches Page 14 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc with love: the far off tolling of a bell now seems to him to mourn the dying day. Translation by Frank Musa. (A pity I did not have Musa's translations of Inferno and Paradiso. ) 218 I TiresiasIn lines 218 to 22 0, Eliot refers to the prophetic powers of Tiresias and the fact that he was bisexual, quoting Ovid's METAMORPHOSES in Latin. But we can settle for a free translation: Tiresias saw snakes mating in the forest. He hit them with his staff and was changed into a woman. Seven years later he saw the same two snakes and hit them again. As he had hoped, he was turned back into a man. Because he had experience as both a man and a woman, Jove called him in as an expert witness in a quarrel with his wife, Juno. He was arguing that in love the woman enjoys the greater pleasure; she argued that the man did.Tiresias supported Jove. Juno then blinded him out of spite. To make up for this, Jove gave him long life and the power of prophesy. Eliot also points out how the point-of-view in The Waste Land changes: â€Å"Tiresias, although a mere spectator and not indeed a ‘character', is yet the most important personage in the poem, uniting all the rest. Just as the one-eyed merchant, seller of currants, melts into the Phoenician Sailor, and the latter is not wholly distinct from Ferdinand, Prince of Naples, so all the women are one woman, the two sexes meet in Tiresias.What Tiresias sees, in fact, is the substance of the poem. † 220 the evening hour that strives Eliot refers us to Sappho's prayer to the Evening Star: Oh, Evening Star that brings back all That shining Dawn has scattered far and wide, You bring back the sheep, the goat, And the child back to its mother. 221 and brings the sailor home from sea Eliot says he meant the longshore fisherman who returns at nightfall. 234 Silk hat upon a Bradford millionaire The manufacturing town of Bradford produced many new-rich millionaires during the first World War 245 I who have sat by Thebes below the wallTiresias is a key figure in King Oedipus by Sophocles because he knew that the pollution in Thebes came from Oedipus himself, and it is to prove him wrong that Oedipus embarks on his searching inquiries. Note that i n Thebes the people, the soil and the animals were all made infertile. 246 And walked among the lowest of the dead The Odyssey Book 10, lines 488 to 495 has the first reference to Tiresias in literature. speaks: Son of Laertes and seed of Zeus, resourceful Odysseus, You shall no longer stay in my house when none of you wish to; but first there is another journey you must accomplish nd reach the house of Hades and revered Persephone, there to consult with the soul of Teiresias the Theban, the blind prophet, whose senses stay unshaken within him, Page 15 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Circe to whom alone Persephone has granted intelligence even after death, but the rest of them are flittering shadows. Translation by Richmond Lattimore 253 When lovely woman stoops to folly In The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith, Olivia returns to the place where she was seduced and sings: When lovely woman stoops to folly The only art her guilt to cover' And finds too l ate that men betray,To hide her shame from every eye, What charm can soothe her melancholy, To get repentance from her lover, What art can wash her guilt away? And wring his bosom, is to die. And wring his bosom, is to die â€Å"This music crept by me upon the waters† 257 And along the Strand, up Queen Victoria Street, O City city, I can sometimes hear Beside a public bar in Lower Thames Street The pleasant whining of mandolin And a clatter and a chatter from within Where fishmen lounge at noon: where the walls 263 Of Magnus Martyr hold 264 Inexplicable splendor of Ionian white and gold. The river sweats 266 Oil and tar The barges drift 68 With the turning tide Red sails Wide to leeward, swing on the heavy spar. The barges wash Drifting logs Down Greenwich reach Past the isle of dogs. Weialala leia 277 Wallala leialala Elizabeth and Leicester 279 Beating oars The stern was formed A gilded shell Red and gold The brisk swell Rippled both shores Southwest wind Carried down strea m The peal of bells Page 16 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc White towers Weialala leia Wallala leialala â€Å"Trams and dusty trees Highbury bore me. Richmond and Kew 293 Undid me. By Richmond I raised my knees 294 Supine on the floor of a narrow canoe. † My feet are at Moorgate, and my heart Under my feet. After the event He wept. Promised ‘a new start' I made no comment. What should I resent? † â€Å"On Margate Sands. 301 I can connect Nothing with nothing The broken fingernails of dirty hands. My people, humble people who expect Nothing. † la la To Carthage then I came 308 Burning burning burning 309 O Lord Thou pluckest me out 310 O Lord Thou pluckest Burning 312 257 â€Å"This music crept by me upon the waters† See line 192 263 Fishmen are workers at nearby Billingsgate market. 264 Eliot says he regards the interior of Magnus Martyr as one of the finest of Christopher Wren's interiors 66 The river is the Thames. The song of the three Thames daughters starts here . From 292 to 306 they speak in turn. 268 The barges drift Some of this scene is based on the description of the river at the start of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. 277 Weialala leia The lament of the Rhine-maidens because the beauty of the river has been lost with the theft of the river's gold. As in the Grail legend, the theft has brought a curse. 279 Elizabeth and Leicester were thought to be lovers. In Froude's Elizabeth (Vol I chapter 4) there is a letter about a trip they took on the Thames. 293, 294 Highbury bore me.Richmond and Kew undid me. Eliot refers us to Canto 5 in Dante's Purgatory, which deals with those who died a violent death. At its end a woman from Sienna whose husband had suspected her of adultery and had her pushed out of a window in Maremma, speaks to the Pilgrim: Oh please, when you are in the world again and are quite rested from your journey here, Oh please remember me! I am called Pia Sienna gave me life, Ma remma death, as he knows who began it when he put his gem upon my finger, pledging faith. Mark Musa comments on how this short speech reveals her gentle and considerate Page 17 of 26 The Allusions in T. S.Eliot's The Waste Land. doc nature: â€Å"when you are in the world again and quite rested from your journey here† 294 Undid me. By Richmond I raised my knees The first two Thames daughters (292 to 295, 296 to 299) simply accept what happens to them. 301 â€Å"On Margate Sands. Eliot started writing The Waste Land on Margate Sands when he was recovering from a breakdown. But Eliot would deny the relevance of this. He said: â€Å"The more perfect the artist, the more completely separate in him will be the man who suffers and the mind which creates; the more perfectly will the mind digest and transmit the passions which are its material. 308 To Carthage then I came St Augustine's Confessions: ‘to Carthage then I came, where a cauldron of unholy loves sang all about min e ears. ‘ 309 Burning burning burning From The Fire Sermon, which Eliot sees as corresponding to the Sermon on the Mount. The Buddha says that â€Å"forms are on fire, †¦ impressions received by the eye are on fire: and whatever sensation, pleasant, unpleasant or indifferent, originates in dependence on impressions received by the eye, that also is on fire. And with what are these on fire? With the fire of passion, say I, with the fire of hatred, with the fire of infatuation. The Fire Sermon can be found in Henry Clarke Warren's Buddhism in Translation, Harvard Oriental Series. 310 O Lord Thou pluckest me out St Augustine's Confessions: â€Å"I entangle my steps with these beauties, but Thou pluckest me out, O Lord, Thou pluckest me out. † Eliot says that : â€Å"The collocation of these two representatives of eastern and western asceticism, as the culmination of this part of the poem, is not an accident. † 312 burning In Canto 25, Dante reaches the last st age of the mountain of Purgatory, where he meets those who atone for the deadly sin of lechery, by fire. As long as they must burn within the fire the cure of flames, the diet of the hymns with these the last of their wounds is healed. ‘ Translated by Mark Musa IV DEATH BY WATER Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight dead, Forgot the cry of gulls, the deep sea swell And profit and loss. A current under the sea 315 Picked his bones in whispers. As he rose and fell he passed the stages of his youth Entering the whirlpool. Gentile or Jew 319 Page 18 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc O you who turn the wheel and turn to windward, Consider Phlebas, who was once as handsome and tall as you.Helen Gardner described Death by water as â€Å"a passage of ineffable peace in which the stain of living is washed away. † Southam points out that â€Å"This section is a close adaptation of the last seven lines of a French poem Dans le Restaurant written by Elliot in 1916 – 1917. † Here is a translation by Southam: Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight drowned, Forgot the cry of gulls, and the swell of the Cornish sea and the profit and the loss, and the cargo of tin. An undersea current carried him far, Took him back through the ages of his past. Imagine it – a terrible end for man once so handsome and tall. 15 and 316 A current under the sea This is again on the theme of sea change of Line 48: Those are pearls that were his eyes 319 Gentile or Jew That is, all mankind. (The Jews in this case mean the faithful and the gentiles those who rejected God. ) V WHAT THE THUNDER SAID After the torchlight red on sweaty faces 322 After the frosty silence in the gardens After the agony in stony places The shouting and the crying Prison and palace and reverberation Of thunder of spring over distant mountains He who was living is now dead And we who were living are now dying With a little patience 326 327Here is no water, but only rock 331 Rock and no water and the sandy road The road winding above among the mountains Which are mountains of rock without water If there were water we should stop and drink Amongst the rock one cannot stop and think Sweat is dry and feet are in the sand If there were only water amongst the rock Dead mountain mouth of carious teeth that cannot spit Here one cannot neither stand nor lie nor sit There is not even silence in the mountains But dry sterile thunder without rain There is not even solitude in the mountain But red sullen faces sneer and snarl From doors of mudcracked housesIf there were water And no rock If there were rock Page 19 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc And also water A spring A pool among the rock If there were the sound of water only No the cicada and dry grass singing But the sound of water over a rock Where the hermit-thrush sings in the pine trees Drip drop drip drop drop drop drop But there is no water 359 Who is the third who walks always b eside you? 360 When I count there is only you and I together But when I look ahead up the white road There is always another one walking beside you Wrapped in a brown mantle, hoodedI do not know whether a man or a woman – But who is that on the other side of you? 366 What is the sound high in the air 367 Murmur of maternal lamentation Who are those hooded hordes swarming Over endless plains, stumbling in cracked earth Ringed by the flat horizon only What is the city over the mountains Cracks and reforms and bursts in the violet air Falling towers Jerusalem Athens Alexandria Vienna London Unreal 377 A woman drew her long black hair out tight 378 And fiddled whisper music on those strings And bats with baby faces in the violet light Whistled, and beat their wingsAnd crawled head downward down a blackened wall And upside down in air were towers Tolling reminiscent bells, that tolled the hours And voices singing out of empty cisterns and exhausted wells 385 What the thunder said Eliot says in his notes: â€Å"In the first part of Part V three themes are employed: the journey to Emmaus, the approach to the Chapel Perilous, (see Miss Weston's book) and the present decay of eastern Europe. † (The book is Miss Jessie L Weston's From Ritual to Romance on the Grail legend. He says it â€Å"will elucidate the difficulties of the poem much better than my notes can do. ) 322 to 330 refer to the events from the betrayal and arrest of Jesus until his death, as described in John 18. Page 20 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc 322 torchlight on sweaty faces John 18: 3 â€Å"Judas then, having received a band of men and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, cometh hither with lanterns and torches and weapons. † 326 Prison and palace and reverberation: Jesus was taken under arrest to the palace of the high priest, where he was publicly interrogated and then taken to the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate in the hall of judgment 27 Reverberation of thunder: Matthew 27: 50, 51 â€Å"Jesus, then when he had cried again with a loud voice, yielded up the ghost. And behold, the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom; and the earth did quake and the rocks rent. † 331 Here is no water, but only rock: The God, as represented here by Jesus has been killed, and this is followed by spiritual death, the image of which is a barren, mountainous world of rock and sand. This is a place of physical and emotional purgatory. The search in WHAT THE THUNDER SAID is for water, for the sacred river and its wisdom.But there is no water. 353 to 355 are an echo of lines 23 to 25. 360 to 367: Even when man's savior has arisen, man cannot recognize him. Luke 24, 13 to 21 describes the journey to Emmaus. Christ has arisen, but his disciples think that he is gone from them forever. He meets two of them on the road to Emmaus, but they do not recognize him. Eliot says that lines 360 to 365 were stimulated by a n account by Shackleton of an Antarctic exhibition on which the exhausted explorers were haunted by the delusion that there was one more person with them than could be counted. 67 to 377: Eliot quotes Herman Hesse: Blick ins Chaos: â€Å"Already half of Europe, already at least half of eastern Europe, is reeling towards the abyss in a state of drunken illusion, and as she reels sings a drunken hymn, as Dimitri Karamasoff sang. The insulted masses laugh these songs to scorn, the saint and the seer hear them with tears. † Eliot was deeply concerned about the decay of Eastern Europe. Coote: â€Å"With the collapse of spiritual values, with moral and financial ruin after the First World War and, further, the massive rises in population, there was at this time a widespread fear of revolution.The example had already been set by Russia, and what Eliot pictured here is a swarming, mindless anarchy reared on the ‘endless plains of eastern Europe which, with their ‘cracked earth' and ‘flat horizon' correspond to the Waste Land itself. † 378 to 385: The Chapel Perilous was filled with horrors to test a knight's courage; nightmare visions, including bats with baby faces, assail him on his approach. Eliot says that some of the details of this part of the poem were inspired by a painting of the school of Hieronymus Bosch, some of whose works are grotesque and horrifying visions of Hell. 85: empty cisterns and exhausted wells In the Old Testament these signify drying up of faith and the worship of false gods. In this decayed hole among the mountains 386 In the faint moonlight, the grass is singing Over the tumbled graves, about the chapel Page 21 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc There is the empty chapel, only the wind's home. It has no windows, and the door swings, Dry bones can harm no one. Only a cock stood on the rooftree Co co rico co co rico In a flash of lighting. Then a damp gust Bringing rain 395 Ganga has sunk en, and the limp leaves 396 Waited for rain, while black cloudsGathered far distant over Himavant. 398 The jungle crouched, humped in silence. Then spoke the thunder DA 401 Datta: what have we given? My friend, blood shaking my heart The awful daring of a moment's surrender Which an age of prudence can never retract By this and this only, we have existed Which is not to be found in our obituaries Or in memories draped by the beneficent spider 409 Or under seals broken by the lean solicitor In our empty rooms. 386 to 395: For this quester the Chapel Perilous has become a decayed hole among the mountains. The chapel is empty, the symbols have lost their meaning. Coote: â€Å"There is only the wind's home.The seeker has pushed himself to the absolute and found nothing. The traditions are dead. It is at this moment that there comes a glimpse of partial salvation Only a cock stood on the rooftree Co co rico co co rico In a flash of lighting. Then a damp gust Bringing rain This clarion c all announces a new stage symbolized by the possibility of rain. For the moment it is ‘far distant'. But the thunder is no longer sterile. The flash of lightning, the flash of spiritual as well as actual illumination prepares us for the voice of God and his command to creatures to ‘give, sympathize, control', to free themselves from the world of selfish desire. 396 Ganga is the Ganges, the sacred river of India. It is the home of the early vegetation myths 398: Himavant is a holy mountain in the Himalayan range. 401: DA Here is the fable of the meaning of the thunder given in the Upanishads, the sacred writings of Hinduism: 1. The threefold descendants of Prajapati, gods, men and evil spirits, dwelt as students with their father, Prajapati. Having finished their studentship, the gods said: â€Å"Tell us something, Sir†. He told them the syllable da. Then he said: â€Å"Did you understand? † They said: we did understand. You told us ‘Damyatta', Be subd ued. † â€Å"Yes† he said, you have understood. 2.Then the men said unto him: â€Å"Tell us something, Sir†. He told them the same syllable da. Then he said: â€Å"Did you understand? † Page 22 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc They said: we did understand. You told us ‘Datta, Give. † â€Å"Yes† he said, you have understood. 3. Then the men said unto him: â€Å"Tell us something, Sir†. He told them the same syllable da. Then he said: â€Å"Did you understand? † They said: we did understand. You told us ‘Dayadvam, Be merciful. † â€Å"Yes† he said, you have understood. The divine voice of thunder repeats the same Da da da, that is Be subdued, Give, Be merciful. Therefore let this triad be taught.Subduing, Giving and Mercy. 402 to 410 Giving, here means giving yourself in love, losing yourself in love of others, beyond the neurotic love of A Game of Chess. 407 Memories draped by the b eneficent spider Eliot refers us to John Webster's The White Devil where Flamineo warns against the inconstancy of women. they'll remarry ere the worm pierce your winding-sheet, ere the spider Make a thin curtain for your epitaphs. DA Dayadvam: I have heard the key 412 Turn in the door once and turn once only We think of the key, each in his prison Thinking of the key, each confirms a prison Only at nightfall, ethereal rumorsRevive for a moment a broken Coriolanus. 417 DA Damyata: The boat responded 419 Gaily to the hand expert with sail and oar The sea was calm, your heart would have responded Gaily, when invited, beating obedient To controlling hands. 423 412: I have heard the key Eliot refers us to Inferno, Canto 33, line 46: Ugolino: I heard the key below the door of the dreadful tower being locked, and I looked at the faces of my sons without a word. I did not weep, I had so turned to stone within me. They wept . . . Dante is now in that part of Hell where traitors are punished and sees Count Ugolino and Archbishop Ruggiero.In the struggle between the Ghibelline and Guelph factions that split Italy, Ugolino, a Ghibelline, conspired with Giovanni Visconti to raise the Guelphs to power. Three years later he plotted with Ruggiero, the head of the Ghibellines to rid Pisa of the Visconti. Ruggiero had other plans, and imprisoned Ugolino, together with his sons in a tower where they were left to starve to death. When the door was locked, the key was thrown in the river. Coote: â€Å"The cold-blooded traitor seeking his own advantage is the most anti-social of sinners, the destroyer of social order which – at least in its ideal form – was for Dante the work of God.To abuse it was a deadly offence. There is no sympathy here, no working for the common weal. One Page 23 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc form of spiritual death, Eliot is saying, is total and sterile selfishness. In political terms, this means the self-seeking of Ugolino and Coriolanus. † 417 Revive for a moment a broken Coriolanus Another example of tragic selfishness. Coriolanus was so obsessed with his own honour and dignity that he went over to the enemies of Rome. All that was available to him there was selfdestructive violence. He is â€Å"broken† because his selfishness led to his death. 11 to 417 On the subject of our isolation from others, our lack of sympathy and hence our need to feel sympathy for others, Eliot quotes from F H Bradley's Appearance and Reality: â€Å"My external sensations are no less private to myself than are my thoughts and feelings. In either case my experience falls within my own circle, a circle closed on the outside; and, with all its elements alike, every sphere is opaque to the others which surround it . . . In brief, regarded as an existence which appears in a soul, the whole world for each is peculiar to that soul. 419 to 423 Damyata implies self-control, a restraint that you put upon desi re. Coote: â€Å"Eliot's interpretation is somewhat different. He takes a moment of one-ness while sailing and compares it to the wished-for unity of lover and beloved. Contented human passion is again the value most to be prized, but here control becomes not self-constraint but the feeling of order derived from a rightly conceived unity with one's beloved and the elements – the prosperous world of water and returned affection. â€Å"However, the moment of revelation and of possible potency is not complete and, as we shall see, is not final either.What the thunder urges on man is love, the free surrendering of self and the consequent spiritual and psychological health of the private and universal Waste Land redeemed. But such loss of self can neither be complete nor permanent. Mankind is obliged to return to his own closed circle of perception. The best he can hope for is a remembered glimpse of what has been or could have been experienced, and the Narrator is forced to rec all this in isolation. † I sat upon the shore Fishing, with the arid plain behind me Shall I at least set my lands in order? London bridge is falling down falling down falling downPoi s'ascose nel foco che gli afina 428 Quando fiam uti chelidon – o swallow swallow 429 Le Prince d'Aquitaine a la tour abolie 430 These fragments I have shored against my ruins Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymo's mad againe. 432 Datta. Dayadvam. Damyata Shanti shanti shanti 434 424 to 434 It is with this isolation that the poem ends. The protagonist has gone in search of the water of life and ends up fishing with the arid plains behind him. Williamson: â€Å"Having traveled the Grail road to no avail, he ends in the knowing but helpless state of the Fisher King.Now that the Thunder has spoken he is the Man with Three Staves – with three cardinal virtues that could be supports, that would ensure the rain. But awareness is not will, and so he thinks of preparing for death, with a questio n that recalls Isaiah 38:1: ‘Set thine house in order: for thou shalt die, and not live. ‘ This preparation involves some account of his fishing for life, of the fragments or ‘broken images' which he has shored against his ruins. This defines not only his predicament and state of mind, but the discoveries that are indicated in the poem.As partial quotations they are in fact ‘fragments' that have their full Page 24 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc meaning in other contexts; they summarise the ‘broken images' of truths left in the Waste Land. Even nursery rhymes may contain or hide terrible truths; so ‘London Bridge' presents an image of modern disintegration, of sinking into the river. † 428 Poi s'ascose nel foco che gli afina Purgatory, Canto 26: 142 to 148: Dante is here in the circle of the lustful who repented, and speaks to his old poetic mentor Guinizelli.Then he sees Arnaut Daniel, ‘il miglior fabbro' a be tter craftsman than Guinizelli, who says: ‘I am Arnaut, singing now through my tears regretfully recalling my past follies, and joyfully anticipating joy. I beg you in the name of that great power guiding you to the summit of the stairs: remember, in the good time, my suffering here. ‘ Then in the purifying flames he hid. Translated by Frank Musa (The last line is the one quoted in The Waste Land) Eliot says of these lines: â€Å"The souls in Purgatory suffer because they wish to suffer, for in purgation through suffering is their hope. † 29 Quando fiam uti chelidon When shall I be like the swallow? From the anonymous Latin poem Pervigilium Veneris (The Vigil of Venus) which, according to George Steiner, â€Å"was written in a darkening time, amid the breakdown of classical literacy. † The poet who knows that the Muses can perish by silence (perdidi musam tacendo), laments that his song is unheard and asks when spring will give it a voice, so that it can re turn like the swallow. 430 Le Prince d'Aquitaine a la tour abolie The Prince of Aquitaine has a ruined castle From the sonnet El Desdichado ( The Disinherited) by Gerard de Nerval.Southam: â€Å"The poet refers to himself in this sonnet as the disinherited prince, heir to the tradition of the French troubadour poets of Aquitaine in Southern France. One of the cards in the Tarot pack is the tower struck by lighting, symbolizing a lost tradition. † 432 Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymo's mad againe. The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd is sub-titled Hieronymo's mad againe. Southam: Hieronymo is driven mad by the murder of his son. When he is asked to write a court entertainment, he replies. ‘Why then Ile fit you! meaning ‘Why then I'll produce something fitting for you! He arranges that his son's murderers are themselves killed in his little play, which was made up of poetry in ‘sundry languages', exactly as in The Waste Land. 434 Shanti shanti shanti In his notes Eliot says that this is the formal ending to an Upanishad. Page 25 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The equivalent in the Anglican faith would be as in Phillipians 4, verse 7: And the peace of God which surpasses all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. Page 26 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc

Best Buy Essay

The key factors that lead to Best Buy’s success include: Growth in the consumer electronics retail sector and the internet boom: Constant growth in the demand for consumer electronics has grown over the previous decades which has supported Best Buy’s successful turnout into the top consumer electronics store. The internet also played a significant role in increasing the sales of Best Buy as it had already ramped up its computer product offerings prior to 1995. The internet boom positively affected the consumer electronics industry in general. Knowledgeable sales staff: Best Buy’s salespeople did not work on commission which helped creating a low pressure shopping experience for the customers and built a consumer friendly environment. This also lead Best Buy to attract a well read sales force which would guide the customers to make the choices more customized to themselves and helped the buyers in decision making. Also merchandise was arranged by brand name instead of by price range. Both of these were unusual practices in the superstore industry but worked well for Best Buy. Focus on customer service (Geek Squad): Best Buy’s belief in offering outstanding customer service through product warranties, personal services and at-home delivery helped Best Buy to differentiate itself from other competitors in the space. This also helped Best Buy in gaining trust and building a strong customer base. Acquisition of the Geek Squad to service computers 24Ãâ€"7 differentiated Best Buy as an excellent product and service provider. Customer-Centricity: Target market segmentation by Best Buy’s Customer-Centric approach and extensive research and analysis of its customer base helps Best Buy in configuring its stores and training its work force to cater to the individual needs of its market segments which encourages customers to revisit for multiple purchases. Also the approach to customize the store at times in terms of some local requirements helps Best Buy in increasing its sales significantly. Risks going forward include increased competition from other retailers and wholesalers like Wal-Mart , Costco, Target etc who also have a very strong distribution network and customer base. Best Buy has to decide whether to spend money on its sales force and customization strategies or to compete in terms of price with these other retailers especially in this low margin growing industry. Best Buy also has to decide to enhance its online sales and product offerings in order to compete with the like of Amazon and Ebay in the online electronic sales market which is growing rapidly. Stores like Wal-Mart are growing tremendously fast in the retail segment and Best Buy has to compete with them in terms of opening new retail outlets as well. Another important risk Best Buy faces is investing in the international markets looking at the current economic scenario or to maintain strong hold in the local US market. . Looking forward Best Buy can compete against Wal-Mart and online companies in the following ways: Continuing to differentiate itself as an excellent customer oriented business Best Buy offers the latest technologies at its stores and to attract and hold customers who are technology savvy it is essential for Best Buy to dwell on its approach of customer service because in the space of advanced technology, nothing can replace the in store experience of actually intera cting with knowledgeable salespersons. Developing the online product offerings: Best Buy must also focus a little more on its online business in order to avoid being overtaken by Amazon and Ebay which are growing their business extensively. In order to keep up to its customer oriented approach, Best Buy must offer more detailed view of its product offerings than any other online competitor. It must increase its online product offering to a wider range and variety of products to grow in the online segment. Increase international presence: At the moment, Best Buy is majorly dependent on the local US market. The international markets are growing fast and competitors like Wal-Mart are growing their business wide, therefore Best Buy must increase its international presence quickly to avoid losing out to its competitors in the international markets and also in order to hedge the risk of being completely dependent on the US market. Also labor expenses being less in a number of international markets, Best Buy can afford to maintain its excellent customer service and enhance its brand value. SWOT Analysis for reference: Internal| Strengths| Weaknesses| 1. Strong market presence 2. Knowledgeable workforce 3. High quality technical support service 4. Strong financial performance 5. Financial resources to spend money on advertising ;amp; promotion, introducing new products. 6. Increased market share and strong brand presence. | 1. Low margins 2. High dependence on local (U. S) market. 3. High costs of maintaining stores and employees. | External| Opportunities| Threats| . Growing global computer and electronics retail sector 2. Customer centric operating model 3. Expansion in the international consumer electronics retail market. 4. Strong private brand potential. 5. Failure of competitors like Circuit City ;amp; CompUSA has opened gates to improve market share. 6. Online sales| 1. Rising competition from lower price outlets like Wal-Mart and Costco. 2. Online competitors like Amazon, Ebay. 3. Economic slowdown 4. Rising labor wages|

How to add value and Substance to your Dissertation Writing Process

How to add value and Substance to your Dissertation Writing Process How to add value and Substance to your Dissertation Writing Process To be clear, a dissertation comes toward the end of a PhD program. Actually, it is the end product that shapes a person’s career. The dissertation does not occur until all exams have been completed. Keep in mind; research is a large component of the PhD process. Topic Selection and Proposal When the coursework is finished, the topic would have been selected and the students research would be in full gear. At this point in the program the student develops a proposal. The dissertation process is not easy and for most students, it is challenging. Dissertation writing requires perseverance and a determination to complete the necessary research to make the paper comprehensive, clear and factual. Don’t put off the research! One of the most important things you need to do with dissertation writing is to not put it off. Begin setting up a plan on how you will go about the writing and then stick with it. Another important aspect that will help is to develop your ideas is to write down topics that you find interesting and then discuss those ideas with your adviser and fellow students. Most importantly, do not choose a topic that doesn’t interest you. It must be a topic that you can get into so that you stay with the dissertation. Talk with your fellow students about how and what you can add to your dissertation. Such communication will add quality and substance to your dissertation. It is most important that you keep in touch with your adviser and talk with him or her when you become confused. Make your research thorough It is most important that you conduct thorough research because it will be the base of a good and interesting dissertation. Be careful not to limit yourself to research articles, books and online web sources. Bring in new sources of information such as topics that correlate with what most people are interested in. This can be done by creating a questionnaire and asking family and friends to fill them out. This is just one way that will help you get your dissertation done. To conclude, dissertation writing is not easy; however, there are ways to facilitate your writing such as creating a questionnaire and asking friends and family to fill them out. Check out and find out about the many fine writing services we offer!

Colonial Period Study Guide for American Literature Essays

Colonial Period Study Guide for American Literature Essays Colonial Period Study Guide for American Literature Paper Colonial Period Study Guide for American Literature Paper Essay Topic: Anne Bradstreet Poems Bless Me Ultima I am Legend Novel In Love and Trouble Stories of Black Women 1. All literature was translated orally. This includes myths, legends, tales, lyrics, etc. 2. Theme – reverence for nature. Nature seen as both physical and spiritual mother. Nature alive with spiritual forces in the forms of animals and plants. Their totems (object or animal thought to have spiritual significance, becomes emblem of a emblem) reflect this. 3. Everyday words that come from Native Americans: canoe, tobacco, potato, and mouse. 4. Two most famous figures in Native American literature are Grandmother Spider and Coyote. The colonial period: The age of faith. The Puritans 1. The puritans are a group of people influenced by the Protestant Reformation. 2. Disillusioned with the Church of England because of link to royal family and worldliness of its members. 3. Wanted to purify the Church of England 4. Suffered prosecution from the English government 5. Heard about new world and decided God wanted them to go there and begin a new life. 6. Wanted to â€Å"build a city on a hill† for all the world to see their good works and glorify God 7. Valued education because people could read the bible for themselves 8. Interpreted the bible literally. 9. First puritans were called Pilgrims, because they felt like they were on a journey Puritan Literature * Purpose was to encourage people to worship God * Favored Plain Style of Writing, so that people easily understood. Ordinary and simple sentences and words. * Wrote diaries, histories, poems, religious texts, in order to promote their faith. * NO SHORT STORIES. They were novels because they were fiction. Themes of Literature * Life is a test. If one passes, heaven; if one fails; hell. * One’s work will demonstrate if one is destined for heaven. * Wealth and health are indicators of God’s blessing and approval * Idle hands are the Devil’s workshop; work hard and stay busy to avoid the devil. A Puritan Must†¦ * Hear the bible preached * Keep a diary * Get a basic education * Marry * Be nosey in order to help others stay on the right track John Smith accomplishments * Led first successful English colony in America * Founded Jamestown in 1607 * Helped obtain food, enforce discipline, and deal with Native Americans William Bradford accomplishments * Helped lead Pilgrims to what is now Massachusetts * Became governor of his colony * Was reelected 30 times. * Organized repayment of debt * Instituted town meeting within colonies * Established good relations with Native Americans Smith vs. Bradford accounts * Both told in 3rd person * Smith seems cocky and full of himself. * Uses words like â€Å"bearing the greatest task† and â€Å"fair promises† * Continually calls Native Americans â€Å"savages† * Seems ignorant, even at end he still calls them savages * Bradford conveys positive messages * No matter difference between people, bonds can be established, and mean good for everyone * Treats them more like people * Communicated well with Native Americans. Of Plymouth Plantation is written by Bradford, and covers the story of the Pilgrim’s journey, including their journey on the Mayflower and their settlement in the new world. Accomplishments of Anne Bradstreet * Wrote poems about rights of women to learn/express themselves * These poems got published by a family member back in England Anne Bradstreet loved her husband, and considered it more valuable than wealth and that their love is eternal, and after life. John Edwards’ famous sermon: Sinners in the Hands of a Gracious God He uses metaphors to show man’s reliance on God. He shows how fragile man’s ties to life and salvation are without the help of God He refers to sin as â€Å"bitter and poisonous fruit† and â€Å"grapes of Sodom† Edward Taylor’s â€Å"Huswifery’s† extended metaphor compares life to a spinning wheel, and expresses his desire for God’s grace. Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible because it dealt with unwarranted persecution, in connection to the red scare of 1950’s, in which artists such as him were accused of communist ties, due to fear (just as the witch trials were due to fear, no evidence) Sentences must have a subject, verb, and a complete thought. Static – doesn’t change. Dynamic – does change John Proctor A local farmer who lives just outside town; Elizabeth Proctor’s husband; commits adultery with Abigail Abigail Williams Reverend Parris’s niece. Abigail was once the servant for the Proctor household, but Elizabeth Proctor fired her after she discovered that Abigail was having an affair with her husband Reverend John Hale A minister reputed to be an expert on witchcraft. Reverend Hale is called in to Salem to examine Parris’s daughter Betty. His arrival sets the hysteria in motion, although he later regrets his actions and attempts to save the lives of those accused. Elizabeth Proctor John Proctor’s wife. Reverend Parris The minister of Salem’s church. Reverend Parris is a paranoid, power-hungry, yet oddly self-pitying figure. Many of the townsfolk, especially John Proctor, dislike him, and Parris is very concerned with building his position in the community. Rebecca Nurse Francis Nurse’s wife. Rebecca is a wise, sensible, and upright woman, held in tremendous regard by most of the Salem community. However, she falls victim to the hysteria when the Putnams accuse her of witchcraft and she refuses to confess. Judge Danforth The deputy governor of Massachusetts and the presiding judge at the witch trials. Honest and scrupu-lous, at least in his own mind, Danforth is convinced that he is doing right in rooting out witchcraft. Remains static. Giles Corey An elderly but feisty farmer in Salem, famous for his tendency to file lawsuits. Giles’s wife, Martha, is accused of witchcraft, and he himself is eventually held in contempt of court and pressed to death with large stones. Gets wife in trouble for saying he couldn’t pray while she read. Thomas Putnam A wealthy, influential citizen of Salem, Putnam holds a grudge against Francis Nurse. He uses the witch trials to increase his own wealth by accusing people of witchcraft and then buying up their land. Ann Putnam Thomas Putnam’s wife. Ann Putnam has given birth to eight children, but only Ruth Putnam survived. The other seven died before they were a day old, and Ann is convinced that they were murdered by supernatural means. Tituba Reverend Parris’s black slave from Barbados. Tituba agrees to perform voodoo at Abigail’s request. Betty Parris Reverend Parris’s ten-year-old daughter. Betty falls into a strange stupor after Parris catches her and the other girls dancing in the forest with Tituba. Her illness and that of Ruth Putnam fuel the first rumors of witchcraft. Mary Warren The servant in the Proctor household and a member of Abigail’s group of girls. She is easily influenced by those around her, who tried unsuccessfully to expose the hoax and ultimately recanted her confession. Dynamic, actually tries to confess at end. Mercy Lewis One of the girls in Abigail’s group.

Get Ahold Of

Get Ahold Of Get Ahold Of Get Ahold Of By Maeve Maddox A reader objects strongly to the expression â€Å"get ahold of,† viewing it as an example of â€Å"the slang [that is] slowly and insidiously debasing English.† I wouldn’t go so far as to say that. Both the Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster provide entries for ahold. The OED lists ahold as an adverb. The first definition is for an obsolete nautical term meaning â€Å"at a position close to the wind.† The second definition given is â€Å"So as to hold on to someone or something.† The earliest citation for this use is dated 1850; the most recent, 1994. Both are from American sources: â€Å"The good sailor who had caught ahold of her when she was fallin, told her to cheer up.† (1850) He grabbed ahold of the branches of the fallen aspen. (1994) The OED labels this use of ahold â€Å"chiefly regional† and â€Å"nonstandard.† The American dictionary M-W has two entries for ahold, one as an adverb and one as a noun. The adverb entry gives only the obsolete nautical definition. The noun entry views ahold as a â€Å"dialectal† version of â€Å"a hold.† According to this definition, ahold functions as a direct object in the expression â€Å"to get ahold of.† The Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary includes definitions of â€Å"to get ahold of† without labeling the expression as regional or nonstandard: to get ahold of something: to get something. â€Å"Drugs are too easy to get ahold of.† to get ahold of someone: to find or communicate with someone. â€Å"I’d like to get ahold of Debbie and talk to her about this.† These uses of ahold may be nonstandard, but they have certainly progressed beyond regional status. Here are some examples from the media: I have no idea where he would have gotten ahold of German pornography.  (Station director Ed Harken in the film Anchorman.) Im wondering who could have got ahold of your phone because it would have been in your coat, wouldnt it? (Dr. Watson, British television series Sherlock. Just wait until the news media gets ahold of this Foley story! (News blog) Can’t get ahold of qualified, prospective tenant? (Real estate forum) German television station RTL also got ahold of some images this week. (Photo caption, Spiegle Online International.) But  opponents of the background check system are apparently unconcerned about  potentially dangerous people getting ahold of firearms. (Article at Media Matters) Even when they can’t get ahold of enough borrowed shares, they might sell the shares anyway and simply fail to deliver them three days later when they are due. (Steven Pearlstein, columnist, Washington Post.) Such a manuscript would be extremely interesting and valuable. George, if you can somehow get ahold of it, that would be great. (Comment on a linguist listserve.) In my view, â€Å"get ahold of† has become an acceptable colloquialism for many speakers. Nevertheless, writers who wish to avoid censure had best replace it with â€Å"get hold of.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a Row50 Plain-Language Substitutions for Wordy Phrases

Blooms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Blooms - Essay Example Bloom’s objectives for learning is that man should be a creator, not just a mere storer of existing knowledge. This creativity will eventually assist him in dealing with future and unperceived problems and conflicts, thereby enabling him to be fully equipped intellectually in addressing issues that he may encounter along the way. First published in 1956 Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning Objectives: Handbook 1- Cognitive Domain, is actually a joint effort of collaborative initiatives headed by Benjamin S. Bloom, an academician and educator, with more than thirty of his colleagues, and is the outcome of eight years extensive work which began in 1948. The primary reason for coming up with this handbook is to provide a set of guidelines and develop a system of classification to assist in the over-all design, testing procedures and assessment of the American learning system. Later on, in 2001, Bloom’s former student, Lorin Anderson, together with Krathwhol, revised some of the established features, the two most prominent of which are the interchanging of the last two stages of hierarchy and the language used, from Bloom’s nouns to verbs, and expanded their content, to make it attune with the times. Bloom’s taxonomy, in its completeness, classifies learning into three domains or categories: the COGNITIVE DOMAIN – includes knowledge or intellectual capacity, or the â€Å"THINK† aspect, and this is divided into six levels; the AFFECTIVE DOMAIN – includes behavior and emotions, the ‘ATTITUDE’ aspect, has five levels; and the PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN – includes the physical, motor and manual capabilities, the SKILLS aspect, and this has 6 levels. Of the three, it is the first domain, the Cognitive Domain, which created a global impact for it became a sort of syllabus, or lore for education, and has been translated in more than twenty languages worldwide. Through the years, Bloom’s taxonomy has been m et with countless criticisms, but educators and intellectuals alike cannot ignore the fact that it has set forth a valid, tested, and acceptable sets of objectives to guide them on how learning should progress and evolve. Bloom came out with a publication of his second domain, the AFFECTIVE DOMAIN later on in 1964, (with Krathwhol and Masia) while the third one, the PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN, was tackled in detail by other authors, notably RH Dave (1967/70), EJ Simpson (1966/72), and AJ Harrow (1972), which explains the variation in details in the different representations of the Bloom taxonomy (Chapman, Alex). For purposes of brevity, it is the first domain, the COGNITIVE DOMAIN, which shall be tackled here vis-a-vis a senior level college research paper. Bloom’s taxonomy of cognitive domain consist of six tiers, or steps, like a stairway, in the sense that you have to pass thru the first step before you can proceed to the next, a linear movement, until you reach the pinnacle. The first three tiers are what is known as lower level thinking, and these are: Knowledge, Comprehension, and Application. It is imperative that one has to finish each tier one at a time, and finish all three before he can proceed further to the next three tiers, as these last three are more complicated and will require deeper intellectual approaches. These last three are considered higher level thinking,

America and It's Independent State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

America and It's Independent State - Essay Example This essay stresses that once considered for centuries to be a precious commodity, freedom and liberty were now within the grasp of those who wished to seek it for themselves and for generations to come. To have leaders that would serve those who relied upon them in such a manner that it would break away from centuries of oppression by one ruler over many whom they were supposed to be ruling. Giving way to the idea of a republic rather than a kingdom. A republic that would be united not just around one solitary ruler whose power was seen as tyrannical and totalitarian, but rather form a commanding force that would unite all of the citizenry together behind their ruling power so that they may, for the first time in history, be one people joined together under one nation. This paper makes a conclusion that a chance to live in a liberated manner that would garner them the chance to be in a free, democratic republic that would give the chance to have legal decisions for the republic made by a representing body that was chosen, in the end, â€Å"by the people & for the people.† Ultimately, what the American Independence Day meas in the end is the understanding of the importance of living in a free existence for the common good and the realization that in order to achieve such a free existence to have liberty and representation that is independent, the framers were correct in asserting that American did in fact have to declare as such.

The Native American experience of faith Research Paper

The Native American experience of faith - Research Paper Example However, the definition of faith has been discussed in various contexts. Although, anthropologists have failed to collect accurate information of the immigration of these people as they started settling in America slowly and gradually. Native American Faith is completely different from other spiritual beliefs as they are supposedly characterized by animism and panentheism (not to be confused with pantheism).Animism is a belief that all physical objects present in the universe have a soul.Panentheism considers God and the world to be inter-related with the world being in God and God being in the world.The Native American faith stresses strongly on the significance of spirituality; being in a deep-rooted connection with nature and inner-self, whereas Pantheism can be defined as the belief in God being in the world and vice versa. Moving on, the development of Native American religion has taken root in the form of practices such as conducting ceremonies after slaughtering an animal, bel iefs in spirits and shamanism. This religion has derived from Christianity and religions like Longhouse Religion, Waashat Religion, Indian Shaker Religion, Drum Religion, Earth Lodge Religion, Ghost Dances, Bole-Maru Religion, Feather Religion and Peyote Religion are some Native American Religions (Worldreligionday, 2013). Native American Religion doesn’t believe in the distinction of myth and ritual, they believe that rituals bring fulfillment and contentment to their spiritual beliefs. Hence, the importance of rituals in their faith has been greatly emphasized. In this manner, this faith is completely different from western theological beliefs. As this religion has many tribes, they have their own rituals and spiritual practices which are distinct from other tribes, although, they have many mutual features with other tribes, such as particular dances and songs which have passed on to them through their

Development of Research Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Development of Research Questions - Essay Example The NCU Proposal and Dissertation Review Form (DRF) serves as a source reference for additional information regarding purpose statement requirements and appropriate documentation. The method of choice represents a combination of both quantitative research questions and hypotheses, which study the relationship between different variables that the researcher seeks to know, and qualitative research questions, where inquirers state research questions - not objectives or hypotheses. Various sources used in this paper, including different published research materials and Internet articles. In order to successfully carry out the research study on the proposed thesis, specific questions should be established to be researched in order for hypotheses to be tested. Thus, created signposts act as guidance and assist the research. Based on nature of this study, which sets out to research different challenges and presented opportunities that international students experience while taking accounting courses at U.S colleges, there is a strong need for using the mixed methods research and hypotheses. According to Creswell (2009), â€Å"a strong mixed methods study should start with mixed methods research questions, to shape the methods and the overall design of a study†. This method of choice represents a combination of both quantitative research questions and hypotheses, which study the relationship among different variables that the researcher seeks to know, and qualitative research questions, where the inquirer states research questions, not objectives or hypotheses. Provided is a progress development of a two-phase research study with the separate quantitative and qualitative research hypotheses and questions stated in sections introducing each phase. This research will not utilize separate, distinct mixed methods research questions, but rather will use a step-by-step approach. This research study will be conducted on-site of several